![]() ![]() This ultimately affects physical performance and whole-body health given that the amount and quality of skeletal muscle regulates muscle strength and power, glucose disposal, fat oxidation, and energy balance ( 7, 8). It is evident that anabolic resistance has been detected in a number of conditions with different etiologies and is often regarded as the underlying cause of muscle mass loss. Finally, injury or illness leading to muscle disuse negatively influences post-absorptive MPS ( 5) and attenuates the postprandial anabolic response to protein ingestion in otherwise healthy young individuals ( 5, 6). ![]() This desensitization of MPS to normal anabolic stimuli, has also been shown in patients with kidney failure receiving maintenance hemodialysis (MHD), possibly due to their muscles being overstimulated (hyper-protein metabolic) from treatment ( 4). However, it is believed that a desensitization of MPS to normal anabolic stimuli, such as feeding and exercise, may be the main culprit underpinning the age and disease-related decline in muscle quantity or quality ( 2, 3). Muscle protein loss can occur as a result of increased MPB or reduced MPS (or by some combination of the two). ![]() In contrast, skeletal muscle proteins are irreversibly lost with negatively imbalanced protein turnover, as observed with aging and catabolic pathologies. The maintenance of skeletal muscle mass is achieved by a daily net protein balance between muscle protein synthesis rates (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown rates (MPB). In healthy individuals aged ~18–50, who are not sedentary and eat sufficient daily amounts of protein and energy, the amount of skeletal muscle mass remains relatively unchanged throughout daily life ( 1). Moreover, we review the evidence on whether increased physical activity and targeted exercise can be leveraged to restore the sensitivity of skeletal muscle tissue to dietary amino acids regardless of the population. Namely, we discuss the fact that anabolic resistance exists as a dimmer switch, capable of varying from higher to lower levels of resistance, to the main anabolic stimuli of feeding and exercise depending on the population. In this paper, we discuss anabolic resistance as a common denominator underpinning muscle mass loss with aging, obesity, and other disease states. The increase of both habitual physical activity (including structured exercise that targets general fitness characteristics) and protein dense food ingestion are frontline strategies utilized to support muscle mass, performance, and health. Ultimately, the blunted responsiveness of MPS to dietary protein and exercise underpins the loss of the amount and quality of skeletal muscle mass leading to decrements in physical performance in these populations. Generally, MPS is the target of most exercise and feeding interventions as muscle protein breakdown rates seem to be less responsive to these stimuli. Louis, MO, United StatesĪnabolic resistance is defined by a blunted stimulation of muscle protein synthesis rates (MPS) to common anabolic stimuli in skeletal muscle tissue such as dietary protein and exercise. 3Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St.2Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.1Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States. ![]()
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